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Development of what was to become the iPhone began in , when Apple started to gather a team of 1, employees led by hardware engineer Tony Fadell , software engineer Scott Forstall and design engineer Sir Jonathan Ive [3] to work on the highly confidential "Project Purple".

Apple CEO Steve Jobs steered the original focus away from a tablet which Apple eventually revisited in the form of the iPad towards a phone. According to Steve Jobs , the "i" word in "iMac" and therefore "iPod", "iPhone" and "iPad" stands for internet, individual, instruct, inform, and inspire. Apple rejected the " design by committee " approach that had yielded the Motorola ROKR E1 , a largely unsuccessful collaboration with Motorola.

Cingular gave Apple the liberty to develop the iPhone's hardware and software in-house [12] [13] and even paid Apple a fraction of its monthly service revenue until the iPhone 3G , [14] in exchange for four years of exclusive U. On July 11, , Apple released the iPhone 3G in twenty-two countries, including the original six.

The back of the original first-generation iPhone was made of aluminum with a black plastic accent. The iPhone 3GS was available in both colors, regardless of storage capacity. The iPhone 4 has an aluminosilicate glass front and back with a stainless steel edge that serves as the antennas.

It was at first available in black; the white version was announced, but not released until April , 10 months later. This became known as antennagate. Verizon said it would be available for pre-order on February 3, with a release set for February On September 27, Apple sent invitations for a press event to be held October 4, , at am at the Cupertino headquarters to announce details of the next generation iPhone, which turned out to be iPhone 4S.

Over 1 million 4S models were sold in the first 24 hours after its release in October In February , ComScore reported that On September 12, , Apple announced the iPhone 5. It has a 4 inches mm display, up from its predecessors' 3. The device comes with the same pixels per inch found in the iPhone 4 and 4S. On July 22, , the company's suppliers said that Apple is testing out larger screens for the iPhone and iPad.

On September 10, , Apple unveiled two new iPhone models during a press event in Cupertino. The iPhone 5C, a mid-range-priced version of the handset that is designed to increase accessibility due to its price is available in five colors green, blue, yellow, pink, and white and is made of plastic. The iPhone 5S comes in three colors black, white, and gold and the home button is replaced with a fingerprint scanner Touch ID.

Both phones shipped on September 20, Both devices had a larger screen than their predecessor, at 4. After the iPhone 6 and 6 Plus was released, some users started complaining about the 6 and 6 Plus bending from normal use. This trend became known as "Bendgate", [40] which later started "Touch Disease. On September 7, , Apple unveiled the iPhone 7 and 7 Plus, which added water and dust resistance, improved system and graphics performance, a new dual-camera setup on the Plus model, new color options, and featured the removal of the 3.

On September 12, , Apple officially unveiled the iPhone 8 and 8 Plus, which features a new glass design, camera improvements, a True Tone display, wireless charging, and improved system performance.

It also unveiled the iPhone X, which features a near bezel-less design, a facial recognition feature dubbed "Face ID" with facial tracking used for Animojis, an OLED screen with the highest pixel density on an iPhone, a new telephoto lens which works better in low light conditions, and improved cameras for AR.

All models gained a ultra-wide lens, allowing for a wider field of view. The Pro models gained a triple-lens camera arrangement, and a matte glass finish.

All models also feature MagSafe, allowing special magnetic accessories to easily snap on and off, while also allowing 15W wireless charging. The iPhone 13 and 13 Pro series were virtually announced on September 14, , featuring improved cameras with sensor-shift stabilization for all models, a diagonal camera arrangement for the 13 and 13 mini, significantly larger camera sensors and an adaptive Hz ProMotion display for the Pro models.

All models also gained a battery size increase, and a reduction in width of the TrueDepth camera module. The iPhone 4s in was the first model to be manufactured simultaneously by two stand-alone companies: Foxconn and Pegatron , the latter also based in Taiwan. The 6 Plus model was produced solely by Foxconn. The models in bold are devices of the latest generation:. Source: Apple Newsroom Archive [57]. The iPhone contains most of the hardware parts of a typical modern smartphone.

The main hardware of the iPhone is the touchscreen , with current models offering screens of 4. A range of sensors are included on the device, such as a proximity sensor , ambient light sensor , accelerometer , gyroscopic sensor , magnetometer , facial recognition sensor , fingerprint sensor and barometer.

All iPhones include a rear-facing camera, and a front-facing camera being included on all models since the iPhone 4. The iPhone 7 Plus introduced multiple lenses to the rear-facing camera to the iPhone. The iPhone comes with a set of bundled applications developed by Apple, [59] and supports downloading third-party applications through the App Store.

Apple provides free [61] updates to the operating system for the iPhone either wirelessly or through iTunes. The size of the operating system depends on the version. While iOS 8 required over 4. The interface is based around the home screen, a graphical list of available applications. Starting with the iPhone 4, a primitive version of multitasking came into play. Users could double click the home button to select recently opened applications. Starting with iOS 7, though, apps can truly multitask, and each open application runs in the background when not in use, although most functionality is still available when making a call or listening to music.

The home screen can be accessed by a hardware button below the screen on the iPhone 8 and earlier. It is available on devices with an A9 chip or newer. Docked at the base of the screen, four icons for Phone , Mail , Safari Internet , and Music delineate the iPhone's main purposes.

After the update, iPhone users can rearrange and place icons by holding down on any icon and moving it to the desired location once they start shaking on up to nine other adjacent home screens, accessed by a horizontal swipe.

Users can also add and delete icons from the dock, which is the same on every home screen. The dock holds up to four icons and is located at the bottom section of the screen. Each home screen holds up to twenty icons for the first-generation iPhone , 3G , 3GS , 4 and 4S ; The iPhone 5 , 5C , 5S , and first-generation iPhone SE hold up to twenty-four icons; while the iPhone 6 and later iPhone models support up to twenty-eight icons. Users can delete Web Clips and third-party applications at any time and may select only certain applications for transfer from iTunes.

Apple's default programs could only be removed since the iOS 10 update. The 3. Almost all input is given through the touch screen, which understands complex gestures using multi-touch. The iPhone's interaction techniques enable the user to move the content up or down by a touch-drag motion of the finger. For example, zooming in and out of web pages and photos is done by placing two fingers on the screen and spreading them farther apart or bringing them closer together, a gesture known as " pinching ".

Scrolling through a long list or menu is achieved by sliding a finger over the display from bottom to top, or vice versa to go back. In either case, the list moves as if it is pasted on the outer surface of a wheel, slowly decelerating as if affected by friction.

In this way, the interface simulates the physics of a real object. Unlike previous scrollable views, in which the user pressed a "down" control to move the view "downwards", on iOS the user pushes upwards , as if moving a "plank of wood floating on the water", creating the impression that the user is directly manipulating the content displayed on the screen.

Other user-centered interactive effects include horizontally sliding sub-selection, the vertically sliding keyboard and bookmarks menu, and widgets that turn around to allow settings to be configured on the other side. Menu bars are found at the top and bottom of the screen when necessary. Their options vary by program but always follow a consistent style motif.

In menu hierarchies, a "back" button in the top-left corner of the screen displays the name of the parent folder. The iPhone allows audio conferencing , call holding, call merging, caller ID , and integration with other cellular network features and iPhone functions. For example, if music is playing when a call is received, the music fades out and fades back in when the call has ended. The proximity sensor shuts off the screen and touch-sensitive circuitry when the iPhone is brought close to the face, both to save battery and prevent unintentional touches.

The iPhone does not support video calling or videoconferencing on versions prior to the fourth generation, as there is only one camera on the opposite side of the screen.

The iPhone includes a visual voicemail in some countries [77] feature allowing users to view a list of current voicemail messages on-screen without having to call into their voicemail. Unlike most other systems, messages can be listened to and deleted in a non-chronological order by choosing any message from an on-screen list. A music ringtone feature was introduced in the United States on September 5, Users can create custom ringtones from songs purchased from the iTunes Store for a small additional fee.

The ringtones can be three to 30 seconds long from any part of a song, can fade in and out, pause from half a second to five seconds when looped, or loop continuously. All customizing can be done in iTunes, [78] or with Apple's GarageBand software 4. With the release of iOS 6 , which was released on September 19, , Apple added features that enable the user to have options to decline a phone call when a person is calling them.

The user can reply with a message, or set a reminder to call them back at a later time. The layout of the music library is similar to that of an iPod. The iPhone can sort its media library by songs, artists, albums, videos, playlists , genres , composers, podcasts , audiobooks , and compilations.

Options are presented alphabetically, except in playlists, which retain their order from iTunes. The iPhone uses a large font that allows users plenty of room to touch their selection. Users can rotate their device horizontally to landscape mode to access Cover Flow. Like on iTunes, this feature shows the different album covers in a scroll-through photo library. Scrolling is achieved by swiping a finger across the screen. Alternatively, headset controls can be used to pause, play, skip, and repeat tracks.

On the iPhone 3GS, the volume can be changed with the included Apple Earphones, and the Voice Control feature can be used to identify a track, play songs in a playlist or by a specific artist, or create a Genius playlist.

The iPhone supports gapless playback. Double-tapping switches between widescreen and fullscreen video playback. The iPhone allows users to purchase and download songs from the iTunes Store directly to their iPhone. The feature originally required a Wi-Fi network, but since , it can be used on a cellular data network.

The iPhone includes software that allows the user to upload, view, and email photos taken with the camera. The user zooms in and out of photos by sliding two fingers further apart or closer together, much like Safari. The camera application also lets users view the camera roll, the pictures that have been taken with the iPhone's camera. Those pictures are also available in the Photos application, along with any transferred from iPhoto or Aperture on a Mac, or Photoshop on a Windows PC.

The iPhone did not support voice recording until the 3. True 5G support was added starting with the iPhone 12 series in fall By default, the iPhone will ask to join newly discovered Wi-Fi networks and prompt for the password when required.

Alternatively, it can join closed Wi-Fi networks manually. Airplane mode disables all wireless connections at once, overriding other preferences. Safari is the iPhone's native web browser , and it displays pages similar to its Mac and Windows counterparts.

Web pages may be viewed in portrait or landscape mode and the device supports automatic zooming by pinching together or spreading apart fingertips on the screen, or by double-tapping text or images. The iPhone does not support Flash , which was still popular when the iPhone was introduced. The Maps application can access Google Maps in map, satellite , or hybrid form. It can also generate directions between two locations, while providing optional real-time traffic information.

During the iPhone's announcement, Jobs demonstrated this feature by searching for nearby Starbucks locations and then placing a prank call to one with a single tap. The iPhone 3GS and iPhone 4 can orient the map with its digital compass.

Simple weather and stock quotes applications also tap into the Internet. According to Google , in , the iPhone generated 50 times more search requests than any other mobile handset. This is 30 times the use for our average contract-based consumer customers. With the introduction of the Verizon iPhone in January , the issue of using the internet while on the phone was brought to the public's attention.

Under the two U. For text input, the iPhone implements a virtual keyboard on the touchscreen. It has automatic spell checking and correction, predictive word capabilities, and a dynamic dictionary that learns new words.

The keyboard can predict what word the user is typing and complete it, and correct for the accidental pressing of keys near the presumed desired key. The keys are somewhat larger and spaced farther apart when in landscape mode , which is supported by only a limited number of applications. Touching a section of text for a brief time brings up a magnifying glass , allowing users to place the cursor in the middle of existing text.

The virtual keyboard can accommodate 21 languages, including character recognition for Chinese. Alternative characters with accents for example, letters from the alphabets of other languages and emoji can be typed from the keyboard by pressing the letter for two seconds and selecting the alternative character from the popup.

Since iOS 8, third party keyboards, distributed through the App Store, are allowed. Previously, they were only available on jailbroken iPhones. The iPhone also features an email program that supports HTML email , which enables the user to embed photos in an email message. Apple has also licensed Microsoft ActiveSync and supports the platform including push email with the release of iPhone 2. Text messages are presented chronologically in a mailbox format similar to Mail, which places all text from recipients together with replies.

Text messages are displayed in speech bubbles similar to iChat under each recipient's name. The iPhone has built-in support for email message forwarding, drafts, and direct internal camera-to-email picture sending. Support for multi-recipient SMS was added in the 1. At WWDC on June 11, , Apple announced that the iPhone would support third-party web applications using Ajax that share the look and feel of the iPhone interface.

It is a free download, with an Apple registration, that allows developers to develop native applications for the iPhone and iPod Touch, then test them in an "iPhone simulator". However, loading an application onto a real device is only possible after paying an Apple Developer Connection membership fee. Developers can also opt to release the application for free and will not pay any costs to release or distribute the application beyond the membership fee.

Once a developer has submitted an application to the App Store, Apple holds firm control over its distribution. NetShare, another rejected app, would have enabled users to tether their iPhone to a laptop or desktop, using its cellular network to load data for the computer.

As of October [update] , Apple has passed 60 billion app downloads. As of January [update] , the App Store has over 2. Starting with the iPhone 4S, Apple added an accessibility feature to optimize the function of the iPhone with hearing aids. Made for iPhone hearing aids also feature Live Listen. With Live Listen the iPhone acts as a remote microphone that sends sound to a Made for iPhone hearing aid.

Live Listen can help the user hear a conversation in a noisy room or hear someone speaking across the room. This program added support for more than 50 Bluetooth wireless braille displays that work with iOS out of the box. The user only needs to pair the keyboard to the device to start using it to navigate the iOS device with VoiceOver without any additional software.

It delivers both visual and vibrating alerts for incoming phone and FaceTime calls, new text messages, new and sent mail, and calendar events. Users can set an LED light flash for incoming calls and alerts or have incoming calls display a photo of the caller. Users can choose from different vibration patterns or even create their own. The iPhone can enlarge text to make it more accessible for vision-impaired users, [] and can accommodate hearing-impaired users with closed captioning and external TTY devices.

With the release of iOS 9 for all iPhones, users have the ability to choose between two different screen view options. The user can choose to have a standard view or zoomed view. When the iPhone is placed in a standard view setting, the icons are normal size and the text remains the same.

With a zoomed view option, the icons on the screen and the text become slightly larger. This enables the user to have a more customized appearance and it can potentially help some users read the screen easier.

AssistiveTouch helps to adapt the Multi-Touch screen of an iOS device to a user's unique physical needs. This can be of great assistance to those who have difficulty with some gestures, like pinch, one can make them accessible with just a tap of a finger. The user can create their own gestures and customize the layout of the AssistiveTouch menu. If the user has trouble pressing the Home button, it can be set so that it can be activated with an onscreen tap.

Gestures, like rotate and shake, are available even when if the iOS device is mounted on a wheelchair. Guided Access helps people with autism or other attention and sensory challenges stay focused on the task or app at hand. With Guided Access, a parent, teacher, or therapist can limit an iOS device to stay on one app by disabling the Home button and limit the amount of time spent in an app.

The user can restrict access to the keyboard or touch input on certain areas of the screen. In Apple began developing satellites so that the iPhone could skip wireless carriers. The iPhone Upgrade Program is a month program designed for consumers to be able to get the latest iPhone every year, without paying the whole price up-front.

The program consists of "low monthly payments", where consumers will gradually pay for the iPhone they have over a month period, with an opportunity to switch upgrade to the new iPhone after 12 months of payment have passed. Once 12 months have passed, consumers can trade their current iPhone with a new one, and the payments are transferred from the old device to the new device, and the program "restarts" with a new month period.

Criticism of the program includes the potential endless cycle of payments, with The Huffington Post ' s Damon Beres writing, "Complete the full month payment cycle, and you're stuck with an outdated phone.

Upgrade every 12 months, and you'll never stop owing Apple money for iPhones". Additionally, the program is limited to just the iPhone hardware; cell phone service from a network operator is not included. Apple has filed more than patent applications related to the technology behind the iPhone. On September 3, , Infogear filed for the U. In , Infogear filed an infringement claim against the owners of the iPhones.

The intellectual property rights were granted to the owners of the iPhones. As of October , only the Singapore and Australian applications had been granted. Comwave has been selling VoIP devices called iPhone since Shortly after Steve Jobs' January 9, , announcement that Apple would be selling a product called iPhone in June , Cisco issued a statement that it had been negotiating trademark licensing with Apple and expected Apple to agree to the final documents that had been submitted the night before.

On February 2, , Apple and Cisco announced that they had agreed to temporarily suspend litigation while they held settlement talks, [] and subsequently announced on February 20, , that they had reached an agreement.

Both companies will be allowed to use the "iPhone" name [] in exchange for "exploring interoperability" between their security, consumer, and business communications products. Nokia alleges that Apple has been violating ten Nokia patents since the iPhone initial release. In August , Apple won a smartphone patent lawsuit in the U.

In March , an Apple patent for a wraparound display was revealed. Apple tightly controls certain aspects of the iPhone. According to Jonathan Zittrain , the emergence of closed devices like the iPhone have made computing more proprietary than early versions of Microsoft Windows.

The hacker community has found many workarounds, most of which are disallowed by Apple and make it difficult or impossible to obtain warranty service. SIM unlocking allows the iPhone to be used on a different carrier's network. Users can set restrictions or parental controls [] on apps that can be downloaded or used within the iPhone. The restrictions area requires a password. The iPhone normally prevents access to its media player and web features unless it has also been activated as a phone with an authorized carrier.

On July 3, , Jon Lech Johansen reported on his blog that he had successfully bypassed this requirement and unlocked the iPhone's other features with a combination of custom software and modification of the iTunes binary. He published the software and offsets for others to use. Unlike the first generation iPhone, the iPhone 3G must be activated in the store in most countries. The need for in-store activation, as well as the huge number of first-generation iPhone and iPod Touch users upgrading to iPhone OS 2.

After the update, devices were required to connect to Apple's servers to authenticate it, causing many devices to be temporarily unusable. Users on the O2 network in the United Kingdom, however, can buy the phone online and activate it via iTunes as with the previous model.

In the US, Apple has begun to offer free shipping on both the iPhone 3G and the iPhone 3GS when available , reversing the in-store activation requirement. Best Buy and Walmart will also sell the iPhone. The iPhone's operating system is designed to only run software that has an Apple-approved cryptographic signature. This restriction can be overcome by "jailbreaking" the phone, [] which involves replacing the iPhone's firmware with a slightly modified version that does not enforce the signature check.

Doing so may be a circumvention of Apple's technical protection measures. In , , and , developers released a series of tools called JailbreakMe that used security vulnerabilities in Mobile Safari rendering to jailbreak the device which allows users to install any compatible software on the device instead of only App Store apps. Theoretically these flaws could have also been used for malicious purposes. In July , Apple released iOS 4. Following the release of the iPhone 5S model, a group of German hackers called the Chaos Computer Club announced on September 21, , that they had bypassed Apple's new Touch ID fingerprint sensor by using "easy everyday means.

The spokesman for the group stated: "We hope that this finally puts to rest the illusions people have about fingerprint biometrics. It is plain stupid to use something that you can't change and that you leave everywhere every day as a security token. Most iPhones were and are still [ citation needed ] sold with a SIM lock , which restricts the use of the phone to one particular carrier, a common practice with subsidized GSM phones.

Unlike most GSM phones, however, the phone cannot be officially unlocked by entering a code. While the iPhone was initially sold in the U. Apple speculates that they were likely shipped overseas and unlocked also known as box breaking , a lucrative market before the iPhone 3G's worldwide release.

Outside of the United States, policies differ, especially in U. They are locked to the network initially, though they can usually be unlocked either after a certain period of contract length has passed, or for a small fee with the exception of the 3 network, which will unlock the device at any time for no charge.

In Canada, all iPhones purchased for full retail price at an Apple Store or online at apple. Third-party methods to unlock iPhones existed but were highly unreliable and sometimes rendered phones unusable. In Australia, the three major carriers Optus , Telstra and Vodafone [] [ unreliable source? Internationally, policies vary, but many carriers sell the iPhone unlocked for full retail price.

Apple takes numerous measures that make third-party repairs difficult. In the past with models as early as the iPhone 6 , there have been reports such as denial of operation if the home button is detected to have been tampered with, upon which an Error 53 is indicated instead.

In more recent models starting with the iPhone XR , Apple displays non-removable warnings if the battery, display, or camera is replaced by a third party. In Mexico , the trademark iFone was registered in by a communications systems and services company, iFone.

The case began in , when the Mexican firm sued Apple. The Supreme Court of Mexico upheld that iFone is the rightful owner and held that Apple iPhone is a trademark violation. According to the filing, Gradiente foresaw the revolution in the convergence of voice and data over the Internet at the time.

On December 18, , IGB launched its own line of Android smartphones under the tradename to which it has exclusive rights in the local market. The "iPhone" term was registered by Gradiente in , seven years before Apple's release of its first iPhone.

The court ruling determined that the Gradiente's registration does not own exclusive rights on the brand. Although Gradiente intended to appeal, with the decision Apple can use freely the brand without paying royalties to the Brazilian company. Stylized as "my phone", Solid Broadband filed a trademark application of that brand.

Apple lost the trademark battle to Solid Group in a decision made by IPO director Nathaniel Arevalo, who also reportedly said that it was unlikely that consumers would be confused between the "iPhone" and the "MyPhone". Around April 20, , a hidden unencrypted file on the iPhone and other iOS devices was widely discussed in the media. Nel corso degli anni, Apple ha distribuito nuovi computer con interfacce grafiche innovative - come il Macintosh K nel - e gli annunci pubblicitari di marketing di Apple, per i propri prodotti, ricevettero ampi consensi dalla critica.

Con l'espansione e l'evoluzione del mercato dei personal computer negli anni '90, Apple ha perso quote di mercato a causa del duopolio a basso costo di Microsoft Windows sui cloni di PC Intel.

Nell'agosto , Jobs si dimise da AD a causa di complicazioni di salute e fu susseguito da Tim Cook. A giugno , Jony Ive , capo progettista di Apple, ha lasciato l'azienda per avviare la propria azienda, dichiarando che avrebbe lavorato con Apple come client principale. Steve Wozniak era programmatore per la HP che nel aveva cominciato a tenere conferenze al Homebrew Computer Club.

Il chip era stato progettato dagli stessi progettisti che avevano progettato il e il vecchio progetto del computer di Wozniak basato appunto sul aveva quindi bisogno solo di alcune piccole modifiche per poter utilizzare il nuovo processore. Steve prese contatti con il proprietario di un negozio di computer della zona, The Byte Shop e gli propose la macchina. La macchina si chiamava Apple I ed era innovativa per l'epoca in quanto poteva essere collegata a un televisore - molti computer dell'epoca non prevedevano nemmeno un dispositivo video - anche se il video era ancora piuttosto lento, soltanto caratteri per secondo; includeva poi delle ROM da dove caricava il codice all'accensione cosa che rendeva molto semplice l'avvio.

Il lettore era molto rapido per l'epoca leggeva e scriveva 1. Risultava discretamente potente ed era nel complesso semplice in quanto Wozniak era riuscito a progettarlo utilizzando pochi componenti rispetto ai computer concorrenti e quindi era anche relativamente economico.

Dopo essersi associati con Ronald Wayne , il quale avrebbe dovuto fare da mediatore tra i due amici [19] , cominciarono ad assemblare i computer nel garage della casa di Jobs riuscendo a consegnare i computer. Questi ultimi venivano forniti senza telaio, cosa frequente all'epoca.

Chi acquistava il computer doveva quindi provvedere in proprio alla realizzazione dell'alloggiamento; vi sono fotografie dell'epoca che mostrano l'Apple I contenuto in una scatola di legno. Alla fine vennero costruiti esemplari di Apple I. Una delle differenze fondamentali del secondo computer era il circuito TV che, totalmente ripensato, visualizzava i dati contenuti nella memoria del computer e non stringhe di testo inviategli dal processore; inoltre era in grado di visualizzare anche grafica, non solo semplice testo, ed era in grado di utilizzare anche i colori.

Jobs insistette per la realizzazione del case e di una tastiera migliorati in modo che il computer, una volta tirato fuori dalla scatola, avrebbe dovuto essere pronto e funzionante subito, senza software da programmare o parti da montare.

Con la sua presentazione generalmente si ritiene sia nata l'era del computer, infatti milioni di computer vennero venduti negli anni ' Molte piccole aziende utilizzavano l'Apple II, [22] ma la Apple - che Steve Wozniak aveva lasciato nel - decise di realizzare una nuova macchina dedicata al mercato aziendale in tempi rapidi e venne ideato Apple III.

Jobs si oppose alla ventola, ritenendola non elegante. L'Apple III era costoso e, malgrado nel ne fosse stata introdotta una versione aggiornata, non vendette comunque come si era sperato.

Nel frattempo la Apple, con sviluppatori come Jef Raskin e Bill Atkinson , lavorava al completamento di un nuovo computer che avrebbe avuto un' interfaccia grafica , un mouse , la programmazione orientata agli oggetti e il supporto per le reti informatiche.

Anni prima, nel dicembre , Jobs era stato autorizzato dalla Xerox a visitare lo Xerox PARC dove vide il nuovo sistema Alto , dotato di un'interfaccia grafica. Da quello che aveva visto nacquero i progetti Lisa e Macintosh. Lisa venne presentato nel gennaio ; costava 9. Il Macintosh venne presentato nel con un spot televisivo trasmesso durante la finalissima del campionato nazionale di football e divenne celebre [26]. Questi programmi, nella loro prima versione con interfaccia grafica, erano nati su Mac nel '85 con un'esclusiva Apple per due anni.

La concessione a Microsoft degli elementi dell'interfaccia grafica dei Mac per quello sviluppo, firmata da John Sculley , era stata all'origine delle cause legali intentate da Apple a Microsoft per il furto del look and feel del System 7 nome che nel divenne macOS. La vertenza legale fu sciolta solamente nel vedi infra. Supportava le reti AppleTalk ed era incluso il software QuickTime Player , il quale forniva un supporto multimediale. Nel la Apple mise in commercio il Newton da un'idea di Sculley fu proprio lui a coniare l'acronimo PDA , ma di scarso successo commerciale.

Il sistema operativo Classic Mac OS era ormai datato. L'azienda decise di acquistare una software house che disponesse di un moderno sistema operativo, da adattare successivamente a macchine con architettura PowerPC.

L'acquisto delle azioni era subordinato a un accordo che prevedeva l'installazione del web browser di Microsoft su tutti i computer prodotti dalla Apple per i cinque anni seguenti Microsoft Explorer Macintosh Edition.

L'idea di Jobs fu di puntare alla realizzazione di nuovi dispositivi e dei relativi software producendo lettori di MP3 come l'iPod e, nel decennio successivo, smartphone come l'iPhone e tablet come l' iPad [34]. Jobs divenne consigliere personale del presidente Gil Amelio [35] che pochi mesi dopo, l'11 luglio , diede le dimissioni insieme al suo braccio destro Ellen Hancock [36].

Nel viene presentato il nuovo iMac G4 , dotato di una base semisferica collegata a uno schermo TFT tramite un braccio metallico orientabile.

Questo modello racchiude l'intera logica del computer nello schermo TFT. Nel Apple mette in commercio un nuovo prodotto, l' iPhone , uno smartphone con lo schermo multi-touch , con il quale pone le basi per l'ingresso di Apple nel settore della telefonia mobile.

Jobs aveva dichiarato nella sua biografia che voleva reinventare l'industria dei libri di testo e l'educazione. Dal al , Apple mette in commercio l' iPhone 4S [43] [44] e l' iPhone 5 , [45] [46] che presentavano fotocamere migliorate, un assistente software intelligente chiamato Siri e dati sincronizzati sul cloud con ICloud ; gli iPad di terza e quarta generazione, con display Retina [47] [48] [49] e l' iPad Mini , che presentava uno schermo da 7,9 pollici in contrasto con lo schermo da 9,7 pollici dell'iPad.

Un'e-mail confidenziale scritta da Jobs un anno prima della sua morte viene presentata durante il procedimento del caso Apple contro Samsung Electronics e diviene disponibile al pubblico all'inizio di aprile In particolare, Jobs dichiara una "Guerra santa con Google" per il e prevede un "nuovo campus" per il Nel primo trimestre del , Apple registra vendite pari a 51 milioni di iPhone e 26 milioni di iPad, stabilendo un nuovo record di vendite trimestrali.

Registra un significativo aumento anno su anno delle vendite di Mac. Dre e Jimmy Iovine , produttore della linea di cuffie e prodotti per altoparlanti "Beats by Dr. A gennaio , un miliardo di dispositivi Apple erano in uso attivo in tutto il mondo. Il 12 maggio , Apple Inc. Il 6 aprile , Apple ha lanciato Clips , un'app che consente agli utenti di iPad e iPhone di creare e modificare brevi video con testo, grafica ed effetti.

L'app fornisce un modo per produrre brevi video da condividere con altri utenti sull'app Messaggi, Instagram , Facebook e altre reti sociali.

Apple introduce anche Titoli live per Clips che consente agli utenti di aggiungere didascalie e titoli animati usando la propria voce. A maggio , Apple aggiorna due dei suoi design dei siti Web. I media fanno notare che l'acquisto sia sembrato una mossa di Apple per ottenere dati e strumenti per rafforzare il proprio servizio di streaming Apple Music.

A novembre , Apple annuncia l'espansione in una programmazione sceneggiata originale: una serie drammatica con Jennifer Aniston e Reese Witherspoon e un reboot della serie antologica Amazing Stories con Steven Spielberg. Ci sono cinque serie in sviluppo presso Apple. Il 29 gennaio , Apple registra il suo primo calo di ricavi e profitti dall'ultimo decennio. Il 30 marzo Apple acquisisce Dark Sky, un'app meteorologica locale per una somma non divulgata.

Alla fine di luglio , Apple ha ritirato dal mercato i modelli iPod nano e iPod shuffle , mantenendo in produzione solo l' iPod touch. L' iPhone di prima generazione viene distribuito negli Stati Uniti il 29 giugno Il 5 febbraio , debutta un modello con memoria interna da 16 GB, che affianca quelli da 4 e 8 GB. Il dispositivo combina GSM quad-band 2.

Un anno dopo, l'11 luglio , viene messo in commercio l' iPhone 3G [] , una versione riveduta e corretta del precedente modello che include il supporto alla rete 3G e la navigazione GPS assistita , un design migliorato e, a livello software, il negozio digitale App Store , che fornisce per il download applicazioni compatibili con iPhone. Il 24 aprile , l'App Store [] supera il miliardo di download.

A giugno , Apple ha superato Nokia per volume di produzione di smartphone a livello mondiale. Il 12 settembre , Apple presenta l' iPhone 5. Un brevetto depositato a luglio rivela lo sviluppo di un nuovo sistema di batterie per iPhone che utilizza i dati sulla posizione in combinazione con i dati sulle abitudini dell'utente per moderare le impostazioni di alimentazione dei telefoni di conseguenza.

Egli spiega che i telefoni sono relativamente costosi a causa dello sforzo intenso che viene utilizzato per renderli:. Al contrario. Gli smussi [i bordi smussati] sono tagliati con frese diamantate.

Le frese di solito non durano molto a lungo, quindi abbiamo dovuto trovare un modo per fabbricare in serie di lunga durata. Guarda i dettagli attorno allo slot della scheda SIM. Sono straordinari! Il 9 settembre , Apple introduce l' iPhone 6 , insieme all'iPhone 6 Plus, che hanno entrambi dimensioni dello schermo superiori a 4 pollici. Nel luglio , Apple annuncia che erano stati venduti un miliardo di iPhone. Il 7 settembre , Apple presenta l' iPhone 7 e l' iPhone 7 Plus , che presentano prestazioni di sistema e grafiche migliorate, aggiungono resistenza all'acqua, un nuovo sistema a doppia fotocamera posteriore sul modello 7 Plus e, controverso, rimuovono il jack per cuffie da 3.

L'iPhone 11 Pro e l'iPhone 11 Pro Max sono caratterizzati da un nuovissimo design opaco in vetro opaco e acciaio inossidabile e da una configurazione a tripla fotocamera che include una fotocamera ultra-gradangolare, gradangolare e teleobiettivo.

Il 15 aprile , Apple annuncia l' iPhone SE di seconda generazione. Replica il design di iPhone 8: ha uno schermo da 4,7 pollici, cornici di dimensioni notevoli nella parte superiore e inferiore e un pulsante Home con Touch ID.

Il 27 gennaio , Apple presenta il suo tanto atteso tablet multimediale, l' iPad. Offre interazione multi-touch con formati multimediali tra cui: giornali, e-book, foto, video, musica, documenti di elaborazione testi, videogiochi e la maggior parte delle app iPhone esistenti utilizzando uno schermo da 9,7 pollici.

Aggiunge inoltre il supporto per il servizio 3G opzionale fornito da Verizon. L'iPad di terza generazione viene messo in commercio il 7 marzo e commercializzato come " il nuovo iPad ". Il 23 ottobre esce l'iPad di quarta generazione di Apple, commercializzato come " iPad con display Retina ".

Agiunge il processore A6X aggiornato e sostituisce il tradizionale connettore dock a 30 pin con il connettore Lightning digitale. Presenta un display da 7,9 pollici ridotto e molte delle stesse specifiche interne dell'iPad 2.

L' iPad Air 2 viene presentato il 16 ottobre L' iPad Mini 3 viene presentato allo stesso tempo. Dal suo lancio, gli utenti di iPad hanno scaricato oltre tre miliardi di app. Il 9 settembre , Apple annunciato l' iPad Pro , un iPad con un display da 12,9 pollici che supporta due nuovi accessori, la Smart Keyboard e la Apple Pencil. Nel marzo Apple presenta iPad di 6 generazione, design identico ad iPad di 5 generazione con il supporto alla Apple Pencil e monta il processore A10 fusion.

Annuncia poi iPad Pro 12,9 pollici con il design rinnovato rispetto alla versione precedente, Apple aggiorna anche la linea di accessori introducendo la Apple Pencil di seconda generazione con ricarica wireless e la Smart Keyboard Folio. Entrambi gli iPad Pro montano il processore A12X Bionic a 6 core con processo produttivo a 7 nanometri. A giugno Apple presenta alla WWDC19 un nuovo sistema operativo studiato per iPad, il nuovo sistema operativo deriva da iOS e si chiama iPadOS, modifica la schermata home e migliora la gestione dei file.

Nello stesso periodo rilascia iPadOS Apple annuncia anche una nuova tastiera per iPad Pro chiamata Magic Keyboard con tasti retroilluminati e trackpad integrato. A settembre Apple annuncia il nuovo iPad Air di quarta generazione con design simile ad iPad Pro, display da 10,9 pollici, Touch ID spostato nel tasto power e supporto agli accessori di iPad Pro, il nuovo iPad Air monta il nuovo processore A14 con nuovo processo produttivo a 5 nanometri, presenta anche iPad di ottava generazione con design invariato rispetto al precedente iPad di settima generazione con processore A12 Bionic e Neural Engine.

Il 14 settembre Apple presenta l'iPad 9 e l'iPad mini 6. Lo smartwatch Apple Watch originale viene annunciato da Tim Cook il 9 settembre e presentato come un prodotto con monitoraggio della salute e del fitness.

Il 12 settembre , Apple presenta Apple Watch Series 4 , con nuovo display, elettrocardiogramma e rilevamento delle cadute. Di conseguenza la gamma Series 4 esce di produzione. La produzione di quest'ultima, inoltre, viene interrotta. Il 14 settembre debutta l' Apple Watch Series 7 , disponibile nelle varianti da 41 e 45 mm e con il sistema operativo watchOS 8 preinstallato.

Alla conferenza Macworld del , Jobs mostra la Apple TV Jobs definisce accidentalmente il dispositivo "iTV", il suo nome in codice, sul palco , un dispositivo video set-top destinato a collegare la vendita di contenuti da iTunes ad alta definizione a televisori.

La Apple TV originariamente incorporava un disco rigido da 40 GB per l'archiviazione, incluse uscite per HDMI e video a componenti e riproduzione di video con una risoluzione massima di p. Ha l'uscita HDMI come unica fonte di uscita video. La distribuzione coincide anche con l'apertura di un App Store separato per Apple TV e di un nuovo telecomando Siri con touchpad , giroscopio e microfono in vetro.

Il modello 4K ha anche il supporto per l' HDR. La gamma di software server Apple include il sistema operativo macOS Server ; [] Apple Remote Desktop , un'applicazione di gestione remota dei sistemi; [] e Xsan , un file system di archiviazione SAN. Apple offre anche servizi online con iCloud , che fornisce archiviazione e sincronizzazione nel cloud per un'ampia gamma di dati utente, inclusi: documenti, foto, musica, backup dei dispositivi e dati delle applicazioni [] e Apple Music , il suo servizio di streaming di musica e video.

Il primissimo logo, utilizzato solo per gli Apple I nelle brochure e nei manuali , fu disegnato da Ronald Wayne , all'epoca socio di Jobs e Wozniak. Esso rappresenta, con uno stile grafico decisamente barocco e per niente iconico, Isaac Newton seduto al di sotto di un melo. Dalle mele tagliate, Janoff estrasse una semplice mela monocromatica con un morso.

Il grafico quindi prese il logo e aggiunse le bande colorate secondo la sua ispirazione del momento []. Sia Janoff che Apple negano ogni forma d'omaggio a Turing nel design del logo []. Il primo logo Mac, raffigurante un computer Macintosh stilizzato con tratti picasseschi , venne disegnato da Tom Hughes e John Casado [] , direttori artistici del team di sviluppo del Macintosh.

Originariamente il logo era stato disegnato dall'artista Jean-Michel Folon , che aveva ricevuto da Steve Jobs Il logo Mac venne usato come messaggio di benvenuto sui tutti i Macintosh fino alla versione 7. Logo "storico" usato dal all'aprile Versione Aqua introdotta nell'aprile ancora usata in alcuni contesti []. Versione cromata usata dal febbraio al ; ancora utilizzata in alcuni contesti. Silhouette del logo in uso dal ad oggi; versioni bianca e grigia usate in alcuni contesti.

Il primo slogan di Apple, " Byte into an Apple", fu coniato alla fine degli anni ' Tuttavia, sono state criticate le affermazioni fatte dalle campagne successive, [] particolare gli annunci Power Mac del Apple possiede un canale YouTube in cui pubblica annunci pubblicitari, suggerimenti e presentazioni per i propri dispositivi.

Nel modello di Saussure, il segno deriva dal riconoscimento di un suono o di un oggetto con un concetto. Nel suo modello, il significato e il significante sono "inseparabili come due lati di un pezzo di carta". Il suo modello, come il modello di Saussure, prevedeva la relazione tra gli elementi di segni e oggetti. Tuttavia, egli aggiunge che chiunque stia decodificando il segno deve avere qualche precedente comprensione o conoscenza del messaggio trasmesso.

I primi due loghi Apple sono drasticamente diversi l'uno dall'altro. Tuttavia, entrambi condividono il segno di una mela. L'analisi della semiotica con il modello di Saussure produce il significato, o segno, della mela.

Il significante rappresenta la scoperta, l'innovazione e la nozione di pensiero. Ci si rese presto conto che il logo originale fosse troppo complicato e intellettuale per lo scopo necessario. Era necessario un logo divertente e intelligente che parlasse alle persone esperte di computer.

Il logo ha un doppio significato e differisce dai molti loghi aziendali seri esistenti al momento. Apple announced on August 16, , that Lens Technology, one of its major suppliers in China, has committed to power all its glass production for Apple with percent renewable energy by The commitment is a large step in Apple's efforts to help manufacturers lower their carbon footprint in China.

The standard, which started in January , certifies that all manufacturing waste is reused , recycled , composted , or converted into energy when necessary. Since the program began, nearly, , metric tons of waste have been diverted from landfills.

On July 21, , Apple announced its plan to become carbon neutral across its entire business, manufacturing supply chain, and product life cycle by In the next 10 years, Apple will try to lower emissions with a series of innovative actions, including: low carbon product design, expanding energy efficiency, renewable energy, process and material innovations, and carbon removal. Following further campaigns by Greenpeace, [] in , Apple became the first electronics manufacturer to eliminate all polyvinyl chloride PVC and brominated flame retardants BFRs in its complete product line.

Allowing consumers to make informed purchasing decisions on the products they offer for sale. In November , Apple was featured in Greenpeace's Guide to Greener Electronics, which ranks electronics manufacturers on sustainability, climate and energy policy, and how "green" their products are.

The company ranked fourth of fifteen electronics companies moving up five places from the previous year with a score of 4. However, the guide criticizes Apple on the Energy criteria for not seeking external verification of its greenhouse gas emissions data and for not setting out any targets to reduce emissions.

The green bond proceeds are dedicated to the financing of environmental projects. Apple is the world's largest technology company by revenue, the world's largest technology company by total assets , [] and the world's second-largest mobile phone manufacturer after Samsung. In its fiscal year ending in September , Apple Inc. As of August 3, [update] , Apple was the largest publicly traded corporation in the world by market capitalization.

On August 2, , Apple became the first publicly traded U. Apple has created subsidiaries in low-tax places such as Ireland , the Netherlands , Luxembourg , and the British Virgin Islands to cut the taxes it pays around the world. According to The New York Times, in the s Apple was among the first tech companies to designate overseas salespeople in high-tax countries in a manner that allowed the company to sell on behalf of low-tax subsidiaries on other continents, sidestepping income taxes.

In the late s, Apple was a pioneer of an accounting technique known as the " Double Irish with a Dutch sandwich ," which reduces taxes by routing profits through Irish subsidiaries and the Netherlands and then to the Caribbean. British Conservative Party Member of Parliament Charlie Elphicke published research on October 30, , [] which showed that some multinational companies, including Apple Inc.

He followed this research by calling on the Chancellor of the Exchequer George Osborne to force these multinationals, which also included Google and The Coca-Cola Company , to state the effective rate of tax they pay on their UK revenues. Elphicke also said that government contracts should be withheld from multinationals who do not pay their fair share of UK tax. Under U. It was not until that Irish economists could definitively prove that the growth was due to Apple restructuring its controversial double Irish subsidiaries Apple Sales International , which Apple converted into a new Irish capital allowances for intangible assets tax scheme expires in January On August 30, , after a two-year investigation , the EU Competition Commissioner concluded Apple received "illegal state aid" from Ireland.

The general downturn is reportedly caused by the slowing global economy and supply chain disruptions in China. Apple has been a participant in various legal proceedings and claims since it began operation.

Some litigation examples include Apple v. Samsung , Apple v. Microsoft , Motorola Mobility v. Apple Computer. Apple has also had to defend itself against charges on numerous occasions of violating intellectual property rights. Most have been dismissed in the courts as shell companies known as patent trolls , with no evidence of actual use of patents in question. Apple has a notable pro-privacy stance, actively making privacy-conscious features and settings part of its conferences, promotional campaigns, and public image.

With Apple's release of an update to iOS 14 , Apple required all developers of iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch applications to directly ask iPhone users permission to track them.

The feature, titled "App Tracking Transparency", received heavy criticism from Facebook, whose primary business model revolves around the tracking of users' data and sharing such data with advertisers so users can see more relevant ads, a technique commonly known as targeted advertising.

Despite Facebook's measures, including purchasing full-page newspaper advertisements protesting App Tracking Transparency, Apple released the update in mid-spring However, Apple aids law enforcement in criminal investigations by providing iCloud backups of users' devices, [] [] [] and the company's commitment to privacy has been questioned by its efforts to promote biometric authentication technology in its newer iPhone models, which don't have the same level of constitutional privacy as a passcode in the United States.

Prior to the release of iOS 15 , Apple announced new efforts at combating child sexual abuse material on iOS and Mac platforms. Parents of minor iMessage users can now be alerted if their child sends or receives nude photographs. Additionally, on-device hashing would take place on media destined for upload to iCloud, and hashes would be compared to a list of known abusive images provided by law enforcement; if enough matches were found, Apple would be alerted and authorities informed.

The new features received praise from law enforcement and victims rights advocates, however privacy advocates, including the Electronic Frontier Foundation , condemned the new features as invasive and highly prone to abuse by authoritarian governments. Apple contributes financially to fundraisers in times of natural disasters. As of October 26, [update] the following individuals sit on the board of Apple Inc. As of March 16, [update] the management of Apple Inc. The role of chairman of the Board has not always been in use; notably, between and , and to Apple has been criticized for alleged anti-competitive behavior , rash litigation, [] dubious tax tactics, the use of sweatshop labor, [] [] customer service issues involving allegedly misleading warranties and insufficient data security , and its products' environmental footprint.

Apple has also received criticism for its willingness to work and conduct business with nations such as China and Russia, engaging in practices that have been criticized by human rights groups. Apple's issues regarding music over the years include those with the European Union regarding iTunes, [] trouble over updating the Spotify app on Apple devices [] and collusion with record labels.

Without access to Apple-approved Nvidia web drivers, Apple users faced replacing their Nvidia cards with graphic cards produced by supported brands such as the AMD Radeon , from a list of recommendations provided by Apple to its consumers. The recall affected , units, and Apple was criticized for the long waiting periods consumers experienced, sometimes extending up to 3 weeks for replacements to arrive; the company also did not provide alternative replacements or repair options.

In July , following a campaign by the " right to repair " movement, challenging Apple's tech repair restrictions on devices, the FTC held a workshop to establish the framework of a future nationwide Right to Repair rule. The movement argues Apple is preventing consumers from legitimately fixing their devices at local repair shops which is having a negative impact on consumers. AGCM stated that Apple's claims of the iPhone's water resistance weren't true as the phones could only resist water up to 4 meters deep in ideal laboratory conditions and not in regular circumstances.

The authority added that Apple provided no assistance to customers with water-damaged phones, which it said constituted an aggressive trade practice.

Ireland's Data Protection Commission also launched a privacy investigation to examine whether Apple complied with the EU's GDPR law following an investigation into how the company processes personal data with targeted ads on its platform.

In December , a report found that the iPhone 11 Pro continues tracking location and collecting user data even after users have disabled location services. In response, an Apple engineer said the Location Services icon "appears for system services that do not have a switch in settings.

According to published reports by Bloomberg News on March 30, , Apple turned over data such as phone numbers, physical addresses, and IP addresses to hackers posing as law enforcement officials using forged documents. The law enforcement requests sometimes included forged signatures of real or fictional officials. When asked about the allegations, an Apple representative referred the reporter to a section of the company policy for law enforcement guidelines, which stated, "We review every data request for legal sufficiency and use advanced systems and processes to validate law enforcement requests and detect abuse.

The United States Department of Justice also began a review of Big Tech firms to establish whether they could be unlawfully stifling competition in a broad antitrust probe in The arrangement created aligned prices for Apple products such as iPads and personal computers for about half the French retail market. According to the French regulators, the abuses occurred between and but were first discovered after a complaint by an independent reseller, eBizcuss, in The suits come after both Apple and Google blocked the game after it introduced a direct payment system, effectively shutting out the tech titans from collecting fees.

Facebook had, however, stated that the company will not participate directly with the lawsuit, although did commit to helping with the discovery of evidence relating to the trial of In the months prior to their agreement, Facebook had been dealing with feuds against Apple relating to the prices of paid apps as well as privacy rule changes.

Barr criticized Apple for refusing to unlock two iPhones of a Saudi national, Mohammed Saeed Alshamrani, who shot and killed three American sailors and injured eight others in the Naval Air Station Pensacola.

The shooting was declared an "act of terrorism" by the FBI, [] but Apple denied the request to crack the phones to reveal possible terrorist information citing its data privacy policy. It said that the policy is based on the guidelines of the United Nations on business and human rights, in early September In , Apple complied with a request by the Chinese government to ban a Quran app from its devices and platforms. The request occurred in the context of the Chinese government's ongoing mass repression of Muslims, particularly Uyghurs, in Xinjiang, which some have labeled a genocide.

In December , The Information reported that CEO Tim Cook had negotiated in a five-year agreement with the Chinese government, motivated in part to allay regulatory issues that had harmed the company's business in China. In September , Apple removed an app from its App Store created by Alexei Navalny meant to coordinate protest voting during the Russian legislative election.

The Russian government had threatened to arrest individual Apple employees working in the country unless Apple complied. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

American multinational technology company. Traded as. Consumer electronics Software service Online services. Cupertino, California. Arthur D. Operating income. Net income. Main article: History of Apple Inc. See also: History of Apple Inc. For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Apple Inc. Main article: Macintosh. Main article: iPhone. Main article: iPad. See also: Typography of Apple Inc. For the programming language, see Apple Logo. First Apple logo — []. First official logo — [].

Third logo — []. Current logo since but co-existed with the third logo until []. Main article: Apple Inc. Main articles: Apple Park and Apple Campus. Main article: Apple Store. Further information: Criticism of Apple Inc. This section relies too much on references to primary sources.

Please improve this section by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "Apple Inc. See also: List of mergers and acquisitions by Apple.

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